My Blog

The most extraordinary dream I ever xx1xx was one in which I fancied that, as I was going into a theater, the cloak-room attendant stopped me in the lobby and insisted on my xx2xx my legs behind. I was not surprised; but I was considerably annoyed. I said I had never heard of such a rule at any respectable theater xx3xx, and that I considered it a most absurd regulation. The man replied that he was very xx4xx, but that those were his instructions. People complained that they could not get to and from their xx5xx comfortably, because other people's legs were always in the way; and it had, therefore, been decided that xx6xx should leave their legs outside. It seemed to me that the management, in making this order, had gone xx7xx their legal right; and, under ordinary circumstances, I should have disputed it. However, I didn't want to xx8xx a disturbance; and so I sat down and meekly prepared to comply with the demand. I had never before xx9xx that the human leg could be unscrewed. I had always thought it was more securely fixed. But the man showed me how to undo them, and I found that they came off quite easily. The discovery did not surprise xx10xx any more than the original request that I should take them off. Nothing does surprise one in a dream.

Clean and Healthy Behavior, which became the basic needs of public health degrees, one of its aspects is "not a family member who smokes." While clean and healthy lifestyle should be my duty and health volunteers to socialize.


Each time you inhale cigarette smoke, whether intentionally or not, it means also suck more than 4,000 kinds of toxins! Therefore, smoking the same by including the toxins were into the oral cavity and lungs of course. Smoking harm the health, the fact is we can not deny. Many diseases have proven to be harmful effects of smoking, either directly or indirectly. The smoking habit is not only detrimental to the smoker, but also for those around.


Saatini number of smokers, especially adolescent smokers continue to grow, particularly in developing countries. This situation is a serious challenge for efforts to improve community health status. Even the world health organization (WHO) has warned that in the decade from 2020 to 2030 tobacco will kill 10 million people per year, 70% of them occur in developing countries.


Through resolution 1983, the World Health Organization (WHO) has set 31 May as World Tobacco Free Day every year.


Dangers of smoking to health body has been researched and proven by many people. Adverse effects of smoking was already known for certain. Many studies have shown that smoking increases the risk of various diseases. Such as heart disease and blood vessel disorders, lung cancer, oral cavity cancer, laryngeal cancer, osefagus cancer, bronchitis, high blood pressure, impotence, and pregnancy disorders and defects in the fetus.


Recent research also shows the dangers of secondhand-smoke, that cigarette smoke inhaled by people for non-smokers around smokers, or commonly referred to as passive smokers.


CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE
Cigarettes must not be separated from raw materials of manufacture, namely tobacco. In Indonesia, tobacco plus clove and other ingredients are mixed to make clove cigarettes. Besides cigarettes, tobacco can also be used as hand-rolled cigarettes, cigarettes, cigars, tobacco pipes, and smokeless tobacco (chewing tobacco or chewing tobacco).


Gas component of cigarette smoke is carbon monoxide, ammonia, acid hidrosianat, nitrogen oxides, and formaldehyde. Particle form of tar, indole, nicotine, karbarzol, and cresol. These substances are toxic, irritating, and cause cancer (carcinogens).


Nicotine
Substances most frequently discussed and researched people, poison the body's nerves, increase blood pressure, cause constriction of peripheral blood vessels, and cause addiction and dependence on the wearer. Levels of 4-6 mg of nicotine inhaled by adults every day can make a person addicted. In the United States, white cigarettes on the market had higher levels of 8-10 mg of nicotine per stem, while in Indonesia, 17 mg nicotine yield per stem.


BLACK LEAD (Pb)
Lead generated by a cigarette of 0.5 ug. A packet of cigarettes (20 cigarettes contents) which sucked out in one day will generate 10 ug. While the danger threshold of lead that enters the body is 20 mcg per day. It is conceivable, when a heavy smoker smoked an average of 2 packs of cigarettes per day, how many of these harmful substances into the body!


GAS carbon monoxide (CO)
Carbon Monoxide has a strong tendency to bind to hemoglobin in red blood cells. Supposedly, this hemoglobin binds with oxygen which is essential for respiration of body cells, but because the CO gas is stronger than oxygen, the CO gas is captured place "in the" hemoglobin. Be, hemoglobin coupled with CO gas. CO gas levels in the blood of nonsmokers is less than 1 percent, while the blood of smokers to reach 4-15 percent. Many times over!


TAR
Tar is a collection of thousands of chemicals in the solid component of cigarette smoke, and is a carcinogen. At the time of cigarettes smoked, the tar into the oral cavity as a dense vapor. Once cool, it will become solid and form a brown precipitate on the surface of the teeth, respiratory tract, and lungs. Precipitation varies between 3-40 mg per cigarette, while the levels of tar in cigarettes range from 24-45 mg.


IMPACT OF THE LUNGS
Smoking can cause changes in the structure and function of airway and lung tissue. In large airways, mucous cells enlarge (hypertrophy) and mucus gland multiply (hyperplasia). In small airways, there was mild inflammation due to increased cell constriction and mucus buildup. In lung tissue, an increase in the number of inflammatory cells and damage to the alveoli.


Due to changes in the anatomy of the airways, in smokers there will be changes in lung function with all kinds of clinical symptoms. This became the main basis of the occurrence of chronic pulmonary obstructive disease (PPOM). It says smoking is the leading cause of occurrence of PPOM, including pulmonary emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and asthma.


The relationship between smoking and lung cancer have been studied in 4-5 decades. Found a strong association between cigarette smoking, particularly cigarettes, with the incidence of lung cancer. Some even expressly stated that the cigarettes as the main cause of lung cancer.


Cigarette smoke particles, such as benzopiren, dibenzopiren, and urethane, known as a carcinogen. Tar is also associated with risk of cancer. Compared with nonsmokers, the possibility arises of lung cancer in smokers reach 10-30 times more frequently.


IMPACT ON HEART
Many studies have shown a link smoking with coronary heart disease (CHD). Of the 11 million deaths per year in industrialized countries, the WHO reports that more than half (6 million) due to blood circulation disorders, in which 2.5 million are coronary heart disease and 1.5 million are stroke. MOH survey in 1986 and 1992, have increased mortality from heart disease from 9.7 percent (ranked third) to 16 percent (ranked first).


Smoking is a major factor causing the heart blood vessel disease. Not just cause of coronary heart disease, smoking is also bad for the brain and peripheral blood vessels.


Diembuskan smoke smokers smoke can be divided into primary (main stream smoke) and smoke the side (side stream smoke). The main smoke is tobacco smoke is inhaled directly by smokers, while the next smoke is tobacco smoke spread into the free air, which would be inhaled by another person or passive smoking.


It has been found 4000 different chemicals in cigarettes, with 40 species of which are carcinogenic (can cause cancer), in which the toxic material is mostly found on the side smoke such as carbon monoxide (CO) 5 times more common in addition to smoke than The main smoke, benzopiren 3 times, and ammonia 50 times. These materials can last up to several hours in a room after smoking stops.


Generally the focus of research aimed at the role of nicotine and carbon monoxide. Both these materials, in addition to increased oxygen demand, also disrupt the oxygen supply to the heart muscle (myocardium) to the detriment of myocardial work.


Nicotine interfere with the sympathetic nervous system due to increased myocardial oxygen demand. Besides causing addiction of smoking, nicotine also stimulates the release of adrenaline, increased heart rate, blood pressure, cardiac oxygen demand, and cause heart rhythm disturbances. Nicotine also affect the nerves, brain, and many other body parts. Nicotine activate platelets, with the consequent emergence of platelet adhesion (clotting) into the blood vessel wall.


Carbon monoxide causes desaturasi hemoglobin, reducing the direct supply of oxygen to tissues throughout the body including the myocardium. CO replaces the oxygen in hemoglobin, interfering with the release of oxygen, and accelerated atherosclerosis (calcification / thickening of artery walls). Thus, CO reduce physical exercise capacity, increased blood viscosity, making it easier for blood clotting.


Nicotine, CO, and other materials found in cigarette smoke damage the endothelium (inner wall of blood vessels), and facilitate the emergence of blood clotting. In addition, cigarette smoke affect the lipid profile. Compared with nonsmokers, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride blood of smokers is higher, whereas HDL cholesterol is lower.


CORONARY HEART DISEASE
Smoking is proven to be the biggest risk factor for sudden death.
The risk of coronary heart disease increased by 2-4 times in smokers compared with nonsmokers. This risk increases with age and number of cigarettes smoked. Research shows that smoking risk factors work synergistically with other factors, such as hypertension, fat content or high blood sugar, on the outbreak of CHD.


Please note that the risk of death from coronary heart disease decreases by 50 percent in the first year after smoking was stopped. As a result of clotting (thrombosis) and calcification (atherosclerosis), blood vessel walls, smoking would obviously damage the blood vessels peripheral.


PPDP involving the arteries and veins in the leg or arm is often found in young adult heavy smoker, often will end up with amputation.


DISEASE (STROKE)
Blockage of blood vessels of the brain that are sudden or stroke associated with smoking a lot. Risk of stroke and death risk higher in smokers compared with nonsmokers.


In a study conducted in the United States and Britain, found smoking habits increase the likelihood of the emergence of AIDS in people with HIV. In the group of smokers, AIDS arise on average in 8.17 months, whereas in the group of nonsmokers arise after 14.5 months. The decline in smokers become immune trigger more easily exposed to AIDS so that quitting smoking is important in defense measures against AIDS.


Now more and more studied and reported adverse effect of smoking on pregnant women, impotence, decreased immune individuals, including in people with viral hepatitis, gastrointestinal cancer, and others. From the point of health economics, the impact of diseases caused by smoking would certainly add to the cost, both for individuals, families, corporations, even countries.


Diseases caused by smoking affects the provision of manpower, especially skilled workers or executive staff, with sudden death or disability arising obvious cause big losses for the company. Decrease in labor productivity raises the company's earnings decline, also the economic burden is not small for individuals and families. Expenditures for health care costs increase, families, corporations, and government.


SMOKING HABIT
It's supposed efforts to stop smoking is the duty and responsibility of all levels of society. Business information and counseling, particularly among the younger generation, can also be associated with danger usahapenanggulangan narcotics, health business school, and community health education in general.


Community role model figures, including officials, religious leaders, teachers, health workers, artists, and sportsmen, it is fitting to set an example by not smoking. It should also limit the opportunity to smoke in public places, schools, public transport, and workplace; regulation and control of cigarette promotional advertising; put health warnings on cigarette packs and cigarette advertising.


Climate not smoking should be created. This should be implemented simultaneously by all of us, who wants the achievement of the Indonesian nation state and a healthy and prosperous.


GATE DRUG
Chronicles of the most serious result from the use of nicotine is addictive. Once a person becomes a smoker, it will be difficult to end the practice both physically and psychologically. Smoking becomes a compulsive habit, starting with the ceremonial lighting a cigarette and exhaled smoke is done repeatedly.


Because the addictive nature (making a person become addicted to) cigarette in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM IV) are grouped into Nicotine Related Disorders. While the WHO classify it as a form of addiction. Pharmacologic and behavioral processes that determine tobacco addiction similar to the process that causes addiction to drugs such as heroin and cocaine.


Nicotine has a characteristic affect brain dopamine with the same process as these drugs. In order properties of psychoactive substance addiction, nicotine addiction is more cause than heroin, cocaine, alcohol, caffeine and marijuana. According to Flemming, Glyn and Ershler smoking is an early stage to become abusers of drugs (drug abuse). Try smoking is significantly open opportunities using illegal drugs in the future.


Based on known epidemiological data approximately 20% of smokers have a risk eight times become drug abusers, and the risk eleven times to be heavy drinkers than those who do not smoke. Special attention on this issue is associated with an increased number of teenage smokers.


Addressing the problem of smoking habits in adolescents is expected to prevent problems that would arise in the future related to these habits, one of which is the prevention of drug abuse. According to Teddy Hidayat, Psychiatry Specialist, Youth at high risk are teenagers who have immediate pemuasaan nature, less able to delay the desire, feel empty and easily bored, anxious, nervous, and depressive.


An understanding of smoking habits and tendencies characteristic personality will greatly help efforts to stop these harmful habits. For the prevention of smoking habits in children and adolescents. Parents and teachers play a major role to supervise, provide the right information and the most important examples of individual behaviors do not become addicted to smoking habits.


MENTAL HEALTH Disturb
Smoking is closely associated with disability and decreased quality of life. In a study in Germany since the year 1997-1999 which involved 4181 respondents, concluded that the respondents who have nicotine dependence have a worse quality of life, and nearly 50% of respondents smokers have at least one type of psychiatric disorders. Also note that mental patients more likely to become smokers, ie in 50% of people with mental disorders, 70% of patients seeking treatment maniakal outpatient and 90% of patients seeking treatment skizrofen road.


Berdasaran study from CASA (Columbian University `s National Center On Addiction and Substance Abuse), adolescent smokers have twice the risk of experiencing symptoms of depression than adolescents who do not smoke. The active smokers were more likely having a panic attack than those who do not smoke Many studies prove that smoking and depression is an interrelated relationship. Depression causes people to smoke and smokers usually have symptoms of depression and anxiety (anxiety).


Most people with depression said they had smoked in his life. History of depression was related to the presence or absence of withdrawal symptoms (withdrawal) of nicotine when a person decides to quit smoking. As many as 75% of patients with depression who try to quit smoking experience withdrawal symptoms drug. This is certainly related to the increasing number of business failures to quit smoking and relapses in patients with depression.


In addition, nicotine withdrawal symptoms similar to symptoms of depression. However, it was reported that the withdrawal symptoms experienced by patients with depression are more physical symptoms such as reduced concentration, sleep disturbance, fatigue and weight gain).


Nicotine as a drug of psychiatric disorders smoking as a form of therapy for psychiatric disorders is still a controversial debate. Psychiatric disorders can cause a person to smoking and smoking can cause psychiatric disorders, although very few in number, about 70% of smokers do not have symptoms of mental disorder.


In general, smoking may cause increased concentrations, suppress hunger, reduce anxiety, and depression. In some studies nicotine is shown to be effective for the treatment of depression. Basically nicotine provides a promising opportunity for use as a psychoactive drug. However, nicotine has a very narrow terapheutic index, which ranges between the right dose for therapeutic and toxic doses is very narrow.


So think about some form of nicotine is not in pure form but in the form of analogues. However, the thought of nicotine as a drug is not in the form of smoking. As with morphine which is used as a powerful analgesic (pain barrier), his gift must be in a doctor's supervision. Gravity, this time nicotine can be obtained freely and easily in a cigarette, this needs to be aware because smoking does not necessarily become a justification for the treatment of symptoms of psychiatric disorders.


REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Studies on smoking and reproductive conducted throughout the 2 decades that concluded that smoking can cause damage to the reproductive system one starts from puberty until adulthood


In a study conducted by Dr.. Sinead Jones, director of The British Medical Association's Tobacco Control Resource Centre, found that women who smoke have a relatively small chance to get a descent.


men will have 2 times the risk of infertility (infertile) and runs the risk of DNA damage in sperm cells. While the results of research on pregnant women increased incidence of miscarriage. The study said that from 3000 to 5000 incidence of miscarriages per year in the UK, closely linked to smoking.


120,000 men in England aged between 30 sampai50 years experience impotence due to smoking. Even worse, smoking has implications for 1200 cases of cervical cancer per year.




WOMEN SMOKING, EARLY MENOPAUSE
Women who smoke are very likely to begin menopause before age 45 years and also make them face the risk of osteoporosis and heart disease, Norwegian researchers report.


"Among many as 2123 women aged 59 to 60 years, those who currently smoked, 59% more likely to experience premature menopause compared with women who did not smoke," said Dr. Thea F. Mikkelsen of the University of Oslo and colleagues.


For the heaviest smokers, the risk of early menopause was nearly doubled. However, women who used to smoke, but quit at least 10 years before menopause, were substantially less likely to stop menstruating compared with smokers before age 45.


There is evidence that smoking later in life makes a woman more likely to experience premature menopause, while smokers who quit before middle age may not be affected, Mikkelsen and his team in the online journal, BMC Public Health.


They investigated the relationship further and determine whether exposure to secondhand smoke might also influence the timing of menopause. The researchers found that nearly 10% of women entering menopause before age 45.




GOVERNMENT POLICY
According Menkessos, this rapid growth make Indonesia is expected to reach record, especially with a variety of health problems severe enough, among them related to smoking. While it is recognized Menkessos, limiting the activity of smoking bans in public areas still could be more assertive.


Although the PP No 81/1999 which was amended by Regulation 38/2000 on the Security Cigarettes for Health has been in force, but also recognized, law enforcement was not there so do not have the strength.


detikcomTingginya target of cigarette tax revenues that reached Rp 17 trillion in 2001 assessed budget has caused the government does not consistently enforce the Regulation No.38/2000 on cigarettes for health security.
Commission VII of the House urged to regulate cigarettes were made in the form of law, so that people will have a fairly strong bargaining position. In addition, the House will be able to conduct rigorous oversight of government and the tobacco industry.


Food and Drug Monitoring Agency (BPOM) will take firm action against tobacco companies that broadcast cigarette advertising in electronic media below at 21:30 local time. "If this warning is not heeded, BPOM will make efforts in accordance with legal regulations in force," he said. Cigarette ad that violates the provisions of Regulation No.81 of 1999 on Health and Safety Cigarettes For PP No.38 of 2000 on Amendment of Regulation no 81 year 1999 will be subject to imprisonment of five years and / or a maximum fine of Rp 100 juta.Penerimaan excise cigarettes in 2000 reached Rp 10.27 trillion, while spending on health from smoking according to data from the Directorate General of Health Department of POM in the same year reached Rp 11 trillion.


STOP SMOKING
Several reasons to stop smoking
1.Impotensi
Smoking reduces the blood flow needed to achieve a state of erection. Because it tersebutlah cigarettes can affect penile erection days.
2.Wajah wrinkles
Smoking can reduce the flow of oxygen and nutrients needed by your skin cells constrict blood vessels around the face. So that will cause wrinkles.
3.Gigi stained and breath odor.
Particles from cigarette smoke can give yellow to brown spots on your teeth, and this will also trap odor-producing bacteria in your mouth. Abnormalities of the gums and tooth loss are also more common in smokers.
4.Anda and around 'the smell.
Cigarette smoking has an unpleasant smell and stick to everything, from your skin and hair to clothes and items around you. And the smell is absolutely not an appetizing couples and friends.
5.Tulang fragile
Numerous studies have found an association between smoking and osteoporosis in men and women. A study looked at cases of hip fracture in elderly women, and concluded that one of the 8 cases of fractures were caused by loss of bone mass caused by smoking.
6.Depresi
Some scientists consider cigarettes contain substances that can cause an increase in mood. Substance is what usually implies reduced when a person suffers from depression. That is also the reason why people who are stressed or depressed tend to seek 'escape' to the cigarette.
7.Panutan bad for children.
Every day, dliperkirakan 3000 children in the U.S. who become addicted to smoking cigarettes. If they keep smoking, 1,000 of them will surely die from diseases related to smoking.
8.Kebakaran
if you're careless, when smoking fixation and throw cigarette butts are still burning to any place can cause a fire.
9.Sirkulasi poor blood
Red blood cells have been designed by nature to carry oxygen throughout the body. In smokers, the oxygen molecule is replaced by a component of cigarette smoke, preventing the transport of oxygen is essential for cell life.
10.Terkesan stupid
If smokers defend its dependence, there is one truth that they could not deny: Like the slogan says, smoking is a killer. so, if there are those who continue the habit, it would look stupid.


THREE MAIN EVENT
Seeing the dangers that can be inflicted cigarette, presumably among us need to work together to do three main things:
üKomunikasi and information about the dangers of smoking, both for the smoker direct or passive smoking.
üMenyediakan special places for people who smoke for nonsmokers not exposed to its negative impact.
üJangan be reluctant to reprimand a smoker, if you feel disturbed.


STOP SMOKING STRATEGY
Here are strategies you can use to quit smoking:
1.Rencanakan stop time
Plan when you will quit smoking for good. The timing may be just the next few days or 2 weeks. By the day quit smoking, you reduce the number of cigarettes smoked per day.
2.Obat drugs
Drugs to help reduce the symptoms of quitting smoking until the worst effects exceeded. You have a choice of either drugs or drug under a doctor's prescription over-the-counter (without prescription). Discuss these options with your doctor.
3.Bantu yourself
In planning and maintaining your desire to stop smoking, find information about smoking and disease caused by a variety of trusted sources like the American Cancer Society, American Lung Association, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or the local sites such as Indonesia Cancer Foundation, Heart Foundation of Indonesia, the Committee National Smoking Control Problems. Help yourself with the information that convinced you to stay away from cigarettes after quitting smoking.
4.Kelompok supporters
Whether you meet online or a support group. Seek support from people who are also trying to quit smoking.
5.Konseling
Counselling is a meeting face to face with a trusted physician, psychologist, nurse or counselor. The forum will discuss what are the things that hinder you to stop smoking and ways to overcome them.
6.Cold turkey
It is a strategy to quit smoking immediately. If you choose cold turkey then you will experience symptoms of tobacco withdrawal symptoms, like all people who quit smoking as impatient (restlessness), increased appetite, irritability.
It is recommended that you seek help when you quit smoking, whether it be support or treatment.
7.Olahraga
Exercise will help you cope with stress and weight increase after you quit smoking.
8.Ajak Friend / Family
Ask a friend or family member who did not smoke to provide their time if you are experiencing difficult times.
9.Terapi alternative
Some smokers try hypnosis or acupuncture methods to help them quit smoking, although not much is proven successful. However, if the method is to make you stop smoking, it means that matches your method.


To quit smoking, you need a personal approach. What works for others may not be successful in your


WHAT SHOULD YOU DO?
If you are a smoker and plan to have children, stop smoking now! (Experts recommend that you quit smoking at least a month before conception). Consult your physician or other health workers to help eliminate your smoking habit. Lots of engineering has to offer, find the most appropriate thing to do.


Here are 7 ways to quit smoking we recommend:
1. Clean up and discard. Clean up and dispose of all the cigarettes you have.
2. Make a note and a warning. Write a note such as "You are now non-smokers" and stick to the places that you visit frequently - in bed, the table etc..
3. Do it continuously. Stay quit smoking on the day you specified to do so. Do not do it to falter.
4. Focus on daily work to divert the desire to smoke.
5. Think positive. Think of yourself as a nonsmoker. If there is an offer smoking from friends, tell your friends it firmly "I do not smoke."
6. Ask for support from family, close friends and fellow workers to help you get rid of this smoking habit.
7. Resist the urge to smoke:
Divert attention when you want to smoke. Say to yourself "Later!" And do other positive things.
1. Sigh. Pull a long breath for five seconds and release slowly.
2. Drink plenty of water. Avoid beverages containing caffeine such as coffee, tea or cola.
3. Busy yourself with activities. This is important so that you do not always think to smoke. Activities that could be done for example gardening, reading books and so on.
4. Doing exercise at least three times a week for 20 minutes each session.
5. Wash hands or shower when you want to smoke.
6. Chew something like chewing gum, etc..
7. Pray that you are given the power and desire which remains to stop smoking


At first quit smoking requires a very severe struggle. Do not be surprised if there are signs such as irritability, difficulty controlling feelings, lack of concentration, anxiety, insomnia, cough, decreased pulse rate, and increases appetite. This phase is called the phase of withdrawal. Will disappear after three to four weeks.

The Internet is a computer network established by the United States Department of Defense in 1969, through a project called ARPANET ARPA (Advanced Research Project Agency Network), where they demonstrate how the hardware and UNIX-based computer software, we can do within a short distance communication infinity through the phone line. ARPANET project designing a network, reliability, how much information can be transferred, and finally all the standards that they set into the embryo of a new protocol development is now known as TCP / IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol).
The initial purpose of the construction project was for military purposes. At that time the United States Department of Defense (U.S. Department of Defense) create a computer network system that is spread by linking computers in areas vital to address the problem in case of nuclear attack and to avoid the occurrence of centralized information, which in the event of war can be easily destroyed.
At first ARPANET only connecting 4 sites, ie the Stanford Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, University of Utah, where they form a single integrated network in 1969, and in general the ARPANET was introduced in October 1972. Not long after the project is growing rapidly in all regions, and all universities in the country wanted to join, thus making it difficult to set the ARPANET.
Therefore, ARPANET split widened two, namely "MILNET" for military purposes and the "ARPANET" new smaller for non-military purposes such as, universities. Combined both networks eventually known as the DARPA Internet, which then reduces to the Internet.